⬛ TEXTO 1 — Questões (11 a 15)
Adding ethics to public finance
Evolutionary moral psychologists point the way to garnering broader support for fiscal policies
Policy decisions on taxation and public expenditures intrinsically reflect moral choices. How much of your hard-earned money is it fair for the state to collect through taxes? Should the rich pay more? Should the state provide basic public services such as education and health care for free to all citizens? And so on.
Economists and public finance practitioners have traditionally focused on economic efficiency. When considering distributional issues, they have generally steered clear of moral considerations, perhaps fearing these could be seen as subjective.
For the most part, economists have customarily analyzed redistribution in a way that requires users to provide their own preferences with regard to inequality.
There are two — understandable but not fully satisfactory — reasons for this approach. First, economists often wish to be viewed as objective social scientists. Second, most public finance scholars have been educated in a tradition steeped in values of societies that are WEIRD.
Evolutionary moral psychologists have shown that humans decide quickly what seems right or wrong based on instinct and later justify their decision through reasoning.
Moral psychologists have recently shown that many people draw on moral perspectives that go well beyond the golden rule.
Such understanding may help in the design of policies that can muster support from a wide range of groups with differing moral values.
⬛ Adapted from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/03/Addingethics-to-public-finance-Mauro
15. When it is stated that “tradition [is] steeped in values of societies” (4th paragraph), it is implied that these values have been
(A) imbued.
(B) shunned.
(C) debased.
(D) withheld.
(E) overestimated.
Gabarito: (A)
🧭 1️⃣ Leitura orientada
A questão avalia equivalência semântica do verbo to be steeped in, expressão idiomática comum em textos acadêmicos.
📝 2️⃣ Análise técnica das alternativas
(A) ✅
Correta. Imbued significa “impregnado”, “profundamente influenciado”,
sentido equivalente a steeped in.
(B) ❌
Incorreta. Shunned significa evitado ou rejeitado.
(C) ❌
Incorreta. Debased indica degradação ou desvalorização.
(D) ❌
Incorreta. Withheld significa retido ou negado.
(E) ❌
Incorreta. Overestimated indica supervalorização, não impregnação cultural.
⚠️ 3️⃣ Armadilhas clássicas da FGV
A FGV explora verbos semanticamente próximos, mas com polaridades opostas. Reconhecer expressões idiomáticas é decisivo.
🧠 4️⃣ Resumo B3GE™ Master
✔ Steeped in = impregnado / imbuído.
✔ Uso recorrente em textos acadêmicos e sociológicos.
✔ FGV cobra domínio de collocations.
🔎 Gabarito confirmado: (A)